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May 20, 2019

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‘Super corals’ offer hope to the world’s dying reefs

Hawaiian “super corals” that have recovered despite living in warm and acidic water offer a glimmer of hope that dying reefs across the world could be saved, a new study says.

The research suggests the gloomiest climate change picture of a world without the kaleidoscope underwater habitats could still be avoided, according to lead author Christopher Jury.

“It’s unfortunately but inevitably true that things are going to get worse for reefs over the next 20-30 years, but that doesn’t mean it’s unstoppable,” said Jury, a postdoctoral researcher. “We can still turn this thing around and end up getting back to better than what we have today within a reasonable time frame.”

Coral reefs cover less than 1 percent of the ocean bed but support around 30 percent of all known marine life.

But they are suffering, with stressors including the warmer and more acidic oceans caused by climate change, as well as other human-made pressures including pollution and over fishing.

The UN’s intergovernmental panel on climate change warned last year that just 1.5 Celsius of global warming could see 70-90 percent of Earth’s coral reefs vanish. But research shows that it is possible for coral to survive and even thrive in waters that are warmer and more acidic than where coral usually lives. 

Rapid recovery

He studied coral reefs in Hawaii’s Kane’ohe Bay that were devastated between the 1930s and 1970s by urbanization, dredging, coastal development and the discharge of sewage.

By the early 1970s, shallow coral cover across the bay had decreased by more than 70 percent on average, and by more than 95 percent in the southern bay, nearest the sewage output. But in the late 1970s, the sewage was diverted and the coral began to recover rapidly.

That happened despite the fact that Kane’ohe Bay has warmer and more acidic waters are typically found in the area. In fact, the conditions in the bay are what other parts of Hawaii could see in the decades ahead if climate change continues apace. And those conditions are not usually favorable for coral.

In Kane’ohe Bay, removing the sewage output allowed the coral to recover to between 50-90 percent cover, “among the highest reported for any reefs in the Hawaiian Islands,” the study in Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences journal, said.

The key, said Jury, was that the coral populations in Kane’ohe Bay “naturally harbor a lot of ‘super corals,’ which can thrive in moderately warmer, more acidic conditions.” So once the sewage pollution was removed, those “super corals” swiftly “came in and drove the reefs to a rapid recovery.”

It is too early to say whether these “super corals” could recolonize devastated reefs elsewhere, and Jury stressed that the findings were not cause for complacency.

And the survival of “super corals” also depends on reducing other stressors, like pollution.




 

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