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Spain鈥檚 wine growers looking up to adapt
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FOR more than a century, Joaquin Gay de Montella Estany’s family produced wine in Spain’s Mediterranean region of Catalonia, but the effects of climate change have pushed them to seek higher ground.
Now, their Torre del Veguer winery also has vineyards at the foot of the Pyrenees mountains — at an altitude of nearly 1,200 meters — where temperatures are cooler.
It’s one of the ways in which Spain’s wine producers are trying to adapt, as a warmer climate advances the harvest season and heightens the need for more heat-tolerant grape varieties.
In searing August heat, farm workers pick the white grapes by hand at a vineyard with sea views in Penedes, about 40 kilometers south of Barcelona.
Higher temperatures have brought the grape harvest forward by 10 to 15 days over the past decade, said Gay de Montella Estany, owner of the ecological winery.
“We have to harvest at the beginning of August when the heat is the most intense,” he said.
So in 2008, the company moved part of its production to Bolvir, a village in the Pyrenees near the French border.
With a total of 961,000 hectares of vines, Spain has the largest area of vineyards in the world, according to the International Organization of Vine and Wine.
It is the third biggest wine producer behind Italy and France. Over the past 60 years, average temperatures in Spain have risen by 1.3 degrees Celsius, according to the national weather office Aemet.
And wine producers have seen an impact, as the timing of the harvest is crucial.
Higher average temperatures speed up the ripening of the grapes, which leads to lower acidity and more sugars.
This yields higher alcohol levels and alters other compounds that affect aroma and flavor.
The grapes must be picked quickly to avoid excessive alcohol content.
“Essentially, these grapes have not fully ripened the right way,” said Fernando Zamora, a professor in the oenology department at Rovira I Virgili University in Tarragona.
The Familia Torres winery, one of Spain’s largest producers, embraced higher elevations more than 20 years ago, despite facing skepticism at the time.
The company, which has grown from a small family business in the late 19th century, began planting grapes in Tremp, 160 kilometers northeast of its Vilafranca de Penedes base, in 1998.
Grapes for making wine had never been grown before at higher altitudes in this region in the foothills of the Pyrenees.
“Farmers in the area thought it was absurd. They thought grapes would not mature,” said Xavier Admella, who is in charge of the farm located at an altitude of 950 meters.
“Climate change has proven us right,” he added, as workers set up nets to protect the vines from hail, which is much more common along mountain ranges.
In Tremp, temperatures are almost 10 degrees Celsius cooler than at sea level, said Miguel A. Torres, president of the Familia Torres winery.
That makes it possible to grow grape varieties to produce white wines “that still have very good acidity levels,” he added.
The company, which exports to 150 countries, also has a laboratory where it revives grape strains that have almost disappeared.
One of them that performs well at high altitudes has already been planted in Tremp.
But the fight to adapt has a stiff price tag.
“The future is complicated,” Torres said, adding the wine sector had asked for aid from both the Spanish government and European Union.
Gay de Montella Estany agrees.
He predicts that Spain’s wine sector will have to continue planting at higher altitudes and “look for grape varieties that ripen later” to survive.
He does not rule out that some parts of the country, especially in the south, will one day no longer be suitable for wine production.
Not everyone is as pessimistic, though.
“Climate change is leading many wineries to get their act together and learn how to make wine, not like our grandparents did, but by looking for new techniques,” university professor Zamora said. “And wines are now much better than they were a few years ago.”
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