Sicily鈥檚 farmers going troppo as climate change alters landscape
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When Sicilian farmer Rosolini Palazzolo first started growing papayas 11 years ago, hardly any of his neighbors even knew what they were.
Now, the southern Italian island famed for its picturesque orange and lemon groves is dotted with the kind of exotic fruit trees more usually associated with tropical climates 鈥 from papayas to bananas to mangoes.
鈥淚 get shivers when I eat mangoes now,鈥 Palazzolo laughed as he recalled how unimpressed he was when he first tasted the fruit after buying one imported from Brazil.
The 39-year-old is part of a new generation of Sicilian farmers producing exotic fruits 鈥 encouraged by demand and made possible by climate change.
鈥淭he temperature rise has been good for us ... for these fruits,鈥 he said as he cut open a passion fruit.
Demand has also grown as consumers have become more aware of the health benefits of eating fresh, locally grown papayas and other tropical fare, Palazzolo added.
鈥淭hey got the information from the Internet about vitamins and so on, and they started buying. This was the process.鈥
Others have followed suit. Letizia Marceno鈥檚 family has been farming on the outskirts of Sicily鈥檚 capital Palermo for seven generations and began growing bananas about eight years ago.
鈥淚t became more favorable and more useful to cultivate the bananas,鈥 said Marceno, whose 70,000-square-kilometer farm now has 1,200 banana trees growing alongside more traditional Sicilian fruit and vegetable crops. Encouraged by their success, they recently added avocados and mangoes.
Average temperatures in Sicily have risen about 1.5 degrees Celsius in the last century, said local climate researcher Francesco Viola, who rarely saw exotic fruits or greenhouses while growing up.
The trend is also driven by competition from cheap imports of more traditional crops that has forced farmers to diversify.
But there are threats to the island鈥檚 exotic fruits boom. Farmers said while the new crops brought in more money, costs were also higher as tropical fruits need a lot of water.
And while temperatures on the island are rising, rainfall is decreasing, according to a 2013 paper by researchers including Viola, who works at Sardinia鈥檚 University of Cagliari.
鈥淭he most likely scenario for Sicily in the next years is ... less rainfall and higher temperatures,鈥 said Viola, warning this could affect crop productivity.
Coldiretti, the influential Italian farmers鈥 association, said climate change was influencing agriculture across Italy.
鈥淭he rise in temperature has favored the launch of tropical crops in Sicily and Calabria,鈥 said its president Roberto Moncalvo. 鈥淚t also pushed up the 鈥榦lives line鈥 to a point where now there are small olive oil productions even on the Alps.鈥
Water shortages are already a big issue for small farmers in Sicily, said Francesco Sottile, a professor at the University of Palermo鈥檚 Department of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences.
Sottile now works to help farmers grow the indigenous, drought-friendly vegetables that were forgotten when irrigation became available.
鈥淲e have a lot of experience and tradition, mostly in the internal part of Sicily, for tomatoes, melons, eggplants, peppers that are able to grow with a very small amount of water,鈥 he said.
Sottile said he remained optimistic about Sicily, where youth unemployment in 2017 was almost 60 percent, and 55 percent of the population lives on or below the poverty line 鈥 double the national average.
鈥淚 have many agriculture students. They choose to go back to the farm after the graduation and that gives me enthusiasm,鈥 he said.
Scientists say the changes to conditions could vary across Sicily, which is the largest island in the Mediterranean and has diverse microclimates and soil types.
Andrea Passanisi, a law-graduate-turned-farmer who grows avocados in the shadow of Mount Etna, said the rich volcanic soil and clear water provided ideal growing conditions. Passanisi, who converted his grandfather鈥檚 old vineyard and lemon farm 15 years ago, said the island鈥檚 agriculture industry must innovate and collaborate if it is to have a future. He has brought together other Sicilian avocado growers under a single brand and now exports the popular fruit to France and Poland.
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