Study suggests that smoking might lead to mental illness
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People who suffer from psychosis are about three times more likely to be smokers, but scientists have long scratched their heads over which one leads to the other.
Last week, research published in 鈥淭he Lancet Psychiatry鈥 suggested daily tobacco use, already known to cause cancer and stroke, may be also be a contributor to mental illness 鈥 not necessarily result of it.
Analyzing data from 61 studies conducted around the world between 1980 and 2014, a team found that 57 percent of people first diagnosed with psychosis were smokers.
The studies contained data on nearly 15,000 smokers and 273,000 non-smokers, some of whom were diagnosed with psychotic illnesses like schizophrenia.
鈥淧eople with first episodes of psychosis were three times more likely to be smokers,鈥 said a statement from King鈥檚 College London鈥檚 Department of Psychosis Studies, which took part in the meta-analysis.
鈥淭he researchers also found that daily smokers developed psychotic illness around a year earlier than non-smokers.鈥
It has long been hypothesized that higher smoking rates among psychosis sufferers could be explained by people seeking relief from boredom or distress, or self-medicating against the symptoms or side-effects of anti-psychotic medication.
But if this were so, researchers would expect smoking rates to increase only after people had developed psychosis.
鈥淭hese findings call into question the self-medication hypothesis by suggesting that smoking may have a causal role in psychosis,鈥 said the statement.
However, the team stressed that they had not conclusively proven that smoking causes psychosis, and said that further research into the relationship must be done.
But the results did suggest that smoking 鈥渟hould be taken seriously as a possible risk factor for developing psychosis and not dismissed simply as a consequence of the illness,鈥 they wrote.
The researchers theorized that changes in the brain鈥檚 dopamine system may explain the association between smoking and mental illness.
Dopamine is a chemical messenger that helps control the brain鈥檚 reward and pleasure centres.
鈥淓xcess dopamine is the best biological explanation we have for psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia,鈥 said Robin Murray, professor of psychiatric research at King鈥檚 College.
鈥淚t is possible that nicotine exposure, by increasing the release of dopamine, causes psychosis to develop.鈥
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