China鈥檚 National People鈥檚 Congress, the national legislature, enshrined Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era in the country鈥檚 Constitution yesterday, codifying its guiding role.

The amendment, adopted at the first session of the 13th NPC with an overwhelming majority, wrote Xi鈥檚 thought into the Constitution鈥檚 preamble, along with other guiding theories including Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the Theory of Three Represents.

Scientific Outlook on Development has also been incorporated into the Constitution as a guiding theory.

鈥淎s an important content of the amendment, the inclusion of Xi鈥檚 thought into the country鈥檚 fundamental law reflects the common aspiration of the entire Communist Party of China and all Chinese people of various ethnic groups,鈥� said Shen Chunyao, chairman of the Commission for Legislative Affairs of the 12th NPC Standing Committee.

鈥淚t has been the fundamental theoretical guide for the historic achievements and shifts made in the cause of the Party and the country since the 18th CPC National Congress,鈥� Shen said at a press conference held after the amendment was adopted.

The CPC announced the formation of Xi鈥檚 thought for the first time at its 19th National Congress in October, hailing it as 鈥渢he latest achievement in adapting Marxism to the Chinese context and an important component of the theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics.鈥�

Upon conclusion of the congress, Xi鈥檚 thought was written into the Party鈥檚 Constitution as a new guide to action.

This was the first amendment to the country鈥檚 fundamental law in 14 years.

Key concepts, policies and strategies the Thought encompasses were embedded in the Constitution.

Included are a vision of innovative, coordinated, green and open development for all; the five-sphere integrated plan for coordinated economic, political, cultural, social and ecological advancement; the goal of a 鈥済reat modern socialist country;鈥� and an oath of allegiance to the Constitution.

The amendment has enriched clauses on the patriotic united front, harmonious relations among ethnic groups, and peaceful foreign policies, including the addition of building a community with a shared future for humanity.

The expression that China will 鈥渁dhere to the peaceful development path and the mutually beneficial strategy of opening-up鈥� was added to the preamble.

The following sentence was also added in the Constitution to stress the overall CPC leadership: 鈥淭he leadership of the Communist Party of China is the defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics.鈥�

鈥淭he greatest strength of the system of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the CPC,鈥� said Cao Qingyao, an NPC deputy and a district Party chief of southwest China鈥檚 Chongqing.

鈥淭he revision has enriched provisions concerning upholding and strengthening the overall CPC leadership and is significant to ensuring the Party and the country to forge ahead along the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics,鈥� Cao noted.

Other revisions include adding core socialist values and granting Chinese cities, with subordinate districts, the power to make local laws and regulations.

The people鈥檚 congresses and their standing committees in these cities will be able to adopt local laws and regulations under the condition that they do not contradict the Constitution, national laws and regulations, and provincial laws and regulations, according to the amendment.

Supervisory reform

Supervisory commissions have been listed as state organs in the Constitution, with a section about such organs added to the third chapter, 鈥淭he Structure of the State.鈥�

Supervisory organs are listed together with administrative, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state, all of which are created by the people鈥檚 congresses to which they are responsible and by which they are supervised.

The constitutional amendment included 11 entries related to supervisory commissions, said Zheng Shu鈥檔a, vice chairwoman of the Commission for Legislative Affairs of the 12th NPC Standing Committee.

The amendment offers constitutional support for supervisory commissions, their duties and powers, as well as the draft supervision law to be deliberated at the session, she added.

Reform of the supervisory system aims to pool anti-corruption resources, enhance the Party鈥檚 centralized, unified leadership over the campaign against corruption and form a centralized, unified, authoritative and efficient supervisory network, she stressed.

The establishment of supervisory commissions involves major adjustments of state apparatus, Zheng said.

The NPC has the power to elect the director of the national supervisory commission while the NPC Standing Committee can appoint or remove deputy directors and members of the commission at the recommendation of its director.

Directors of supervisory commissions of all levels will serve the same term as that of the people鈥檚 congress of the same level, while the director of the national supervisory commission shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

As the supreme supervisory organ, the national supervisory commission will oversee local commissions and supervisory commissions at higher levels will lead the commissions at lower levels.

Lawmakers at the session agreed that the constitutional revision, which accords with the aspiration of the Party and the people and has won approval from both inside and outside the Party, is of historic significance for ensuring prosperity and lasting security of both the Party and the country.

A constitutional change is either proposed by the NPC Standing Committee or by more than a fifth of all NPC deputies, and then requires the approval of two-thirds or more of NPC deputies during the annual session.

The People鈥檚 Republic of China enacted its first Constitution in 1954. The current Constitution was adopted in 1982 and amended in 1988, 1993, 1999 and 2004.

From 1988 to 1999, amendments included reform of land-use rights, a legal status for the private economy, the theory of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, replacing the phrase 鈥減lanned economy鈥� with 鈥渟ocialist market economy,鈥� and incorporation of Deng Xiaoping Theory.

The most recent amendment in 2004 protected private property and human rights, and gave the Theory of Three Represents constitutional authority.

China鈥檚 Constitution has been developed along with the people鈥檚 practices of building socialism with Chinese characteristics under the CPC leadership, according to Li Shuzhong, vice president of the China University of Political Science and Law.

鈥淭he amendment makes the Constitution in keeping with the times by incorporating new achievements, experiences and requirements of the Party and the country鈥檚 development as socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era,鈥� Li said.