Arturo Bris (AB): Have you ever watched footage from the early 1980s of people trying to explain the Internet? They鈥檙e skeptical and confused and have no idea how to say 鈥淍,鈥� which is comical given what we now take for granted. But that鈥檚 where we are with blockchain now. People don鈥檛 believe in it because they don鈥檛 understand it.

Blockchain is a technology with two ingredients: The first is a distributed ledger, meaning a database with identical copies held by everyone in a network. There is no intermediary, no central data depository. The second is a consensus algorithm (and this is the true innovation in the technology): the ability to digitally agree on any change in the data. It is the set of decision rules by which any new entry in the database is accepted and then shared by everyone.

The consensus algorithm will be different for every blockchain 鈥� some work on a simple majority rule, some (such as Bitcoin) have a subset of members paid to fulfil that role, and others have much more complicated arrangements. The structure of the database is also particular, because it is structured as a sequence of entries (a ledger), not a deposit.

If you don鈥檛 understand blockchain, get educated, because it鈥檚 an amazing new technology that鈥檚 going to revolutionize the world. It鈥檚 going to monetize and unlock value that today is hidden. The social impact is going to be massive. It鈥檚 going to permit new avenues for human interaction that didn鈥檛 exist before.

Carlos Cordon (CC): I鈥檓 not sure about that, Arturo. I, for instance, understand what blockchain is, but I don鈥檛 believe that it鈥檚 going to have the impact you describe.

Blockchain requires having a lot of copies of the same data. This means that you are required to multiply the data storage by, let鈥檚 say, 100 times. The same data is stored in 100 places. That might work for something as standard and simple as money: Bitcoin works, for example, because there is just one Bitcoin, not thousands of different products.

But if you think about supply chains, for example, you鈥檙e talking about thousands of products. For each product, a lot of information is required, like weight, format, expiry date, composition, etc. This means that blockchain is extremely impractical for many of the applications that its evangelists are proposing.

Amazon isn鈥檛 using blockchain. Google isn鈥檛. In fact, none of the top digital giants are, although Amazon has said it鈥檚 happy to provide cloud storage for it. The Nobel prize-winning economist Paul Krugman has said that Bitcoin will 鈥渟et the monetary system back 300 years.鈥�

AB: Krugman also said in 2011 that the euro would soon disappear, and look where we are today. And, with respect to Google and Amazon, that鈥檚 exactly what disruptive technologies are: They are not usually adopted by the established players, because they disrupt their own 鈥� established 鈥� business models.

And by the way, more and more companies are using blockchain for applications beyond cryptocurrencies. These include music streaming, social networking, commodities trading, property registries 鈥� the list goes on. Blockchain is a technology that guarantees full security (it cannot be hacked) because data are already shared by the members of the network, so there is nothing to hack. We are already seeing the transformation moving extremely fast, and that鈥檚 why you need to embrace it.

CC: The way blockchain works makes it secure and trustworthy, that much is true. But if we introduce blockchain into supply chains, for example, we鈥檙e firstly trying to solve a problem that isn鈥檛 there 鈥� and, secondly, we鈥檙e possibly creating further problems for ourselves.

This is because trust in supply chains generally isn鈥檛 an issue. Let鈥檚 imagine I鈥檓 Unilever or Procter & Gamble. Am I going to try to cheat Walmart or Carrefour? No. We have a certain level of trust. We may disagree, but we don鈥檛 cheat. But with blockchain comes complete transparency. And we don鈥檛 want that. Not because we don鈥檛 trust the other partner, but because we use information to negotiate. Besides, in supply chains we鈥檝e been working on sharing information and data for years. We don鈥檛 need new data technologies. It鈥檚 already complicated enough.

AB: I have no problem with that. If trust does not need to be formalized, there is no need for blockchain. I don鈥檛 think we will use blockchain to manufacture cookware or to design new means of transportation either. But what makes blockchain revolutionary is the transformation of physical assets into digital ones. This is known as tokenization. Cryptocurrencies, for example, are the tokenization of money, but that is only one example. You can tokenize stocks and financial assets, property, music, services 鈥� the list goes on. By replicating assets with a digital token, we can facilitate transactions without physical delivery.

CC: Then there鈥檚 the challenge of a potential mismatch between the virtual value chain and the physical value chain. You can tokenize assets, but what happens if someone changes the physical product? Blockchain couldn鈥檛 have prevented the UK horsemeat scandal, for example, where horsemeat was found in products that supposedly contained only beef.

Meanwhile, the need for storage is going to multiply by an order of magnitude as copies of all these ledgers are held by each individual in a blockchain. And the only people who are going to benefit from that are companies like Amazon, selling cloud storage.

AB: This is a fallacy. In fact, the structure of a blockchain allows us to store the whole database by storing just a small part of it. I know this is difficult to understand. In fact what happens is that, through encryption, we will be able to drastically reduce the size of the entries. Second, because of the sequential nature of the database, and since all entries are linked both to the previous and the next one, we will need to store just the last block(s) of the database.

Overall, I think that we need to think beyond the storage of data and contracts as the main uses of blockchain. Tokenization will transform our transactions. Besides, the lack of need for intermediaries will also transform organizations. We can develop a new type of organization that is democratic, not in the sense that it doesn鈥檛 need a CEO but in the sense of a decentralized autonomous organization that is super efficient. This is going to be the future.

By monetizing assets that we currently do not monetize 鈥� such as our social capital, our fitness data, our attention to advertisers 鈥� we will add value. And that is only possible through a technology so new and complex that we鈥檙e still struggling to explain to each other how it works.

CC: OK. But so far, I have seen no evidence of blockchain being used for truly revolutionary purposes. Walmart is using it to track vegetables. I saw a headline recently: 鈥淚BM joins efforts to create the blockchain equivalent of Yellow Pages鈥� 鈥� Yellow Pages died 20 years ago, why are they trying to resuscitate that concept? Blockchain is certainly one of the top strategic tech trends at the moment, but from looking at what companies are actually doing with it, I don鈥檛 think it鈥檚 going to change the world.

Arturo Bris is Professor of Finance at IMD (International Institute for Management Development). He is also Director of the IMD World Competitiveness Center. Carlos Cordon is Professor Strategy and Supply Chain Management at IMD. Copyright: IMD.