One year has passed since Shanghai started garbage sorting. Despite initial inconvenience to some residents who had a hard time telling one type of waste from another, the city has done well on the whole, as evidenced in part by the public鈥檚 enhanced capacity for more accurate classification.

Official research released last week shows that more than 90 percent of the city鈥檚 residential communities now classify garbage correctly, in contrast to only 15 percent about a year ago. The progress comes from public zeal to participate as well as solid communal coordination. Indeed, self-initiated and self-inspired individuals are an immense boon to any communal enterprise.

To see how earnest ordinary people were in participation, one can check the frequency of their visits to a leading local online platform offering professional advice regarding waste management. Municipal greenery and sanitation authorities said last week that the platform had received more than 29 million visits over the past year, mostly from people wondering how to classify waste.

To be honest the term niunaihe (milk carton) generated over 300,000 searches, by far the most. Many people were at a loss as to what kind of waste a milk carton is considered. The official answer: recyclable. Next was suliaodai (plastic bag), which attracted over 280,000 hits. A plastic bag is not as recyclable as a milk carton; it鈥檚 therefore a kind of dry waste. And next came the terms jidanke (chicken eggshell) and yumibang (corn cob). Both belong to wet garbage (household food waste).

At this writing, I am still wondering why an eggshell enters as wet waste. Despite being puzzled here and there, I have discovered what the philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872-1970) refers to as 鈥渁 friendly interest鈥� in impersonal things, as I, like many fellow citizens, keep studying the characters of commodities and the categories to which they belong after they have become waste.

This friendly interest in things, and in persons for that matter, reflects an expansive attitude toward the world on the part of an individual who is ready to diminish preoccupation with oneself and indifference to the environment. When this friendly interest in persons and things goes hand in hand with a devotion to constructive work (like garbage sorting), one escapes from an 鈥渆ncased self鈥� described by Russell and experiences happiness derived from what he calls 鈥渁n enlargement of the mind and heart.鈥�

It so happened that I finished reading Russell鈥檚 book 鈥淭he Conquest of Happiness鈥� a few days ago, around the time the city was celebrating the first anniversary of the enactment of waste classification rules. It should be proper to put Shanghai鈥檚 practice of garbage sorting into perspective by looking at what Russell has to say about happiness.

Though written a long time ago, this classic treatise remains relevant today for its careful analysis of what causes the modern man to be unhappy and its candid advice on how to acquire a happier life. Besides being a philosopher, Russell was a mathematician, a logician and a Nobel laureate in literature.

Fundamental source of happiness

I would say the effort made by every individual member of our city to separate garbage as efficiently as possible amounts to nothing less than the fundamental source of happiness that Russell recommends. Trivial as it seems, the daily job of dumping different waste into different bins with diligence and patience reflects an individual鈥檚 ability to endure or even enjoy a monotonous life of doing good without seeking an emphatic response or a possessive power.

The city鈥檚 garbage-sorting effort would be undervalued if it were regarded only as a technical endeavor to make garbage processing more efficient.

Sure, waste treatment has become more efficient after, say, wet garbage is separated from dry garbage. But no less important is perhaps an enlarged mind and heart of most individuals who have gradually cultivated a new habit, or rather acquired a new ability to treat neighbors and nature more friendly.

鈥淔undamental happiness depends more than anything else upon what may be called a friendly interest in persons and things,鈥� says Russell.

A friendly interest in persons, he explains, is a form of 鈥渁ffectionateness鈥� that likes to observe people and finds pleasure in their individual traits. 鈥淭he person whose attitude toward others is genuinely of this kind will be a source of happiness and a recipient of reciprocal kindness,鈥� he explains.

No wonder the old janitor responsible for garbage collecting in our neighborhood commands our respect. Despite physical fatigue from strenuous work, she greets everyone with a broad grin. She works more than 10 hours a day with no weekends. And in case anyone doesn鈥檛 know how to sort some things correctly, she wastes no time in taking the task into her own hand. She would say with a smile of understanding: 鈥淵ou are busy, so let me do it!鈥�

In the same vein, a friendly interest in things, like disposal of waste, endears us to the environment in which we live and prevents us from treating nature as a prey.

Before the city carried out the waste classification rules, many people threw mixed garbage away without thinking about possible troubles for collectors or processors; much less for the environment. Now, with a little nudge from the regulations, many have diminished their indifference to the environment.

Russell writes: 鈥淎n interest in impersonal things, though perhaps less valuable as an ingredient in everyday happiness than a friendly attitude towards our fellow creatures, is nevertheless very important.鈥� Here Russell鈥檚 rationality is clear: The world is vast and man is only part of it. Without a friendly interest in things beyond personal circumstances, one misses what life has to offer as a whole. Interest in and love of nature can give a man poise and calm he can hardly enjoy if he is encased in self.

Writing with common sense, lucidity and open-mindedness, Russell runs the gamut from fear to fatigue in diagnosing the causes of unhappiness of the modern man. One root cause, he explains, is too much emphasis on competitive success as the main source of happiness.

鈥淚 do not deny that the feeling of success makes it easier to enjoy life 鈥� Nor do I deny that money, up to a certain point, is very capable of increasing happiness; beyond that point, I do not think it does so,鈥� he concludes.

Indispensable to the happiness of most men are simple things, he says, such as food and shelter, health, love and respect of one鈥檚 own herd.

鈥淎 happy life must be to a great extent a quiet life, for it is in this atmosphere of quiet that true joy can live,鈥� he says.

With a capacity to endure a quiet life, one derives pleasure not from an excessively competitive mindset, but from giving affection that鈥檚 not so exciting to the outward eye. The success of a year鈥檚 garbage sorting in our city demonstrates not only our technical ability to improve material classification, but also our collective sense and sensibility for choosing a fundamentally happy life.