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History vital to coping with mass migration challenges
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Today鈥檚 global refugee crisis recalls the period immediately after World War II. By one contemporary estimate, there were more than 40 million refugees in Europe alone.
The dire postwar situation led to the creation in 1950 of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, which was expected to serve only a temporary mandate, protecting displaced people for three years. But the problem never went away. On the contrary, the UNHCR is not only still with us; it is sounding an alarm.
In its 2015 mid-year report, the agency put the number of 鈥渇orcibly displaced鈥 people worldwide at 59.5 million at the end of 2014, including 19.5 million internationally displaced, which they define as true refugees. The report noted that the total number had certainly grown substantially since.
Unfortunately, the report underscores the incompleteness of our understanding of the refugee problem. In fact, throughout history, the fate of refugees seeking asylum in another land has largely been unstudied. Historians record wars, and they mention diasporas, but they rarely show much interest in how refugee crises arose or were resolved.
We need more research on what can and should be done for refugees in the long term. The UNHCR has been doing an important job in protecting refugees, but it cannot possibly address their needs alone.
Its budget of US$7 billion in 2015 may seem large, but it amounts to only about US$100 per displaced person 鈥 not enough to cover even essentials like food and shelter.
As President of the American Economic Association for 2016, I felt a moral obligation to use our annual meeting earlier this month as a setting in which to bring attention to serious economic problems. The refugee crisis, whatever else it may be, is an economic problem.
I decided to create a session entitled 鈥淪ixty Million Refugees,鈥 and invited some of our discipline鈥檚 most distinguished scholars on migration. I asked them to describe the dimensions of the refugee problem in economic terms, and to propose some sensible policies to address it.
Stimulative effect
Semih Tumen of the Central Bank of Turkey presented evidence regarding the impact of the 2.2 million Syrian refugees on the labor market in the border region. Tumen鈥檚 paper takes on an argument frequently used to oppose admitting refugees: that the newcomers will take locals鈥 jobs and drive down wages.
He found that in the formal sector, jobs for locals actually increased after the influx of refugees, apparently because of the stimulative effect on the region鈥檚 economy. If further research backs up this finding, countries might actually welcome the inflow of labor.
Another paper, by Susan F. Martin of Georgetown University, described the arbitrariness of our current refugee procedures, calling for 鈥渓egal frameworks based on the need for protection, rather than the triggering causes of the migration.鈥 But formulating such rules requires some careful economic thought.
The framers of a refugee system need to consider the rules鈥 incentive effects on the migrants and on the governments of their countries of origin.
Finally, Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University detailed a major new system for managing refugees. Sachs is concerned with how such a system鈥檚 rules will shape the world鈥檚 economies in the longer run.
He wants such a system to prevent encouraging a brain drain by enforcing a commitment to admitting low-skilled and desperate immigrants, not just those who are highly useful to the host country. Moreover, the rate of flow must be regulated, and economists need to develop a way to ensure equitable burden sharing among countries.
Under today鈥檚 haphazard and archaic asylum rules, refugees must take enormous risks to reach safety, and the costs and benefits of helping them are distributed capriciously.
It does not have to be this way. Economists can help by testing which international rules and institutions are needed to reform an inefficient and often inhumane system.
Robert J. Shiller, a 2013 Nobel laureate in economics and Professor of Economics at Yale University, is co-author, with George Akerlof, of Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception. 漏 Project Syndicate 1995鈥2016. Shanghai Daily condensed the article.
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