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How best to solve Japanese 鈥楶onzi Scheme鈥?
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In the early years of the twentieth century, Charles Ponzi, an Italian migrant to North America, had a seemingly brilliant moneymaking idea. He would offer huge returns on worthless investments, thereby convincing a growing number of people to give him their money, which was used, in lieu of profit, to pay off earlier investors.
Ponzi鈥檚 eponymous scheme was essentially a way to enable businesses to rack up debt forever. But, of course, it was ultimately just a scam 鈥 and, indeed, it landed Ponzi in prison.
A century later, pyramid schemes like Ponzi鈥檚 are still regarded as fraud, at least when they are pursued by private businesses. Yet few seem to recognize the role such schemes play in the public sector. In fact, governments in many countries, including the United States and Japan, survive on what are essentially Ponzi schemes.
Of course, there are crucial differences. A traditional private-sector Ponzi scheme, despite its potential short-run returns, always breaks down for a simple reason: the number of potential investors is finite. But in a government-run Ponzi scheme, the investor is the taxpayer. And a stable government, with all the coercive means at its disposal, can reasonably expect to continue collecting taxes, which it can use to repay its earlier debts, for generations to come.
But the fact that a public-sector Ponzi scheme can be sustained for a longer time does not make it foolproof. Excessive public debt weighs down an economy, leaving it vulnerable to shocks. Given this, many analysts have called for aligning the rules for public debt more closely with those governing the private sector. Yet it is important to take a nuanced approach.
That is not what has happened in the US, where Republican Party leaders decided that curtailing debt accumulation was the top priority.
By blocking the passage of budgets, Republican lawmakers caused brief shutdowns of the federal government 鈥 an approach that succeeded only in spooking markets.
Just as a fast-moving cyclist cannot simply stop pedaling, governments cannot suddenly halt all borrowing. To remain upright and in control, they must eliminate their deficits gradually.
That is a lesson that Japan has taken to heart. With net debt of around 130 percent of GDP 鈥 much higher than in other advanced economies 鈥 the country is currently forced to allocate a large share of government expenditure toward servicing its liabilities.
While very low (sometimes even negative) interest rates helped to limit that share to 22 percent of the total budget during the last fiscal year, a rate increase would force taxpayers to pay a lot for fewer benefits. Clearly, Japan has an incentive to reduce its debt burden.
But the Japanese economy is currently being buffeted by strong headwinds. While the decline in the price of crude oil is, in itself, beneficial for Japan, a major net importer, its negative impact on other major economies is spilling over onto Japanese exporters. Then there is the US Federal Reserve鈥檚 hesitation to reverse its monetary policy fully, which has hurt prospects for a more competitive exchange rate and growth in Japan鈥檚 equity market.
Against this background, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was recently faced with a key decision: whether to follow through with a planned consumption-tax hike, from 8 percent to 10 percent. Though the hike would have ostensibly served the objective of balancing Japan鈥檚 budget, it also would have undermined consumption, which has yet to recover from the last tax hike, from 5 percent to 8 percent, implemented in 2014. Abe decided to keep pedaling: he postponed the hike for two and a half years.
The announcement of Abe鈥檚 decision to postpone the tax hike did not cause the market rates of Japanese government bonds to rise substantially. It seems that markets recognized the need to balance the imperatives of debt reduction and economic growth.
Koichi Hamada is Professor Emeritus at Yale, Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2016.www.project-syndicate.org
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