Merriam-Webster chooses 鈥榲accine鈥 as word of the year
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With an expanded definition to reflect the times, Merriam-Webster has declared an omnipresent truth as its 2021 word of the year: vaccine.
鈥淭his was a word that was extremely high in our data every single day in 2021,鈥 Peter Sokolowski, Merriam-Webster鈥檚 editor at large, said ahead of Monday鈥檚 announcement.
鈥淚t really represents two different stories. One is the science story, which is this remarkable speed with which the vaccines were developed. But there鈥檚 also the debates regarding policy, politics and political affiliation. It鈥檚 one word that carries these two huge stories,鈥 he added.
The selection follows 鈥渧ax鈥 as word of the year from the folks who publish the Oxford English Dictionary. And it comes after Merriam-Webster chose 鈥減andemic鈥 as tops in lookups last year on its website.
鈥淭he pandemic was the gun going off and now we have the after effects,鈥 Sokolowski said.
At Merriam-Webster, lookups for 鈥渧accine鈥 increased 601 percent over 2020, when the first American shot was administered in New York in December after quick development, and months of speculation and discussion over efficacy. The world鈥檚 first jab occurred earlier that month in the United Kingdom.
Compared to 2019, when there was little urgency or chatter about vaccines, Merriam-Webster logged a 1,048 percent increase in lookups this year. Debates over inequitable distribution, vaccine mandates and boosters kept interest high, Sokolowski said. So did vaccine hesitancy and friction over vaccine passports.
The word 鈥渧accine鈥 wasn鈥檛 birthed in a day, or due to a single pandemic. The first known use stretches back to 1882, but references pop up earlier related to fluid from cowpox pustules used in inoculations, Sokolowski said. It was borrowed from the New Latin 鈥渧accina,鈥 which goes back to Latin鈥檚 feminine 鈥渧accinus,鈥 meaning 鈥渙f or from a cow.鈥 The Latin for cow is 鈥渧acca,鈥 a word that might be akin to the Sanskrit 鈥渧asa,鈥 according to Merriam-Webster.
Inoculation, on the other hand, dates back to 1714, in one sense referring to the act of injecting an 鈥渋noculum.鈥
Earlier this year, Merriam-Webster added to its online entry for 鈥渧accine鈥 to cover all the talk of mRNA vaccines, or messenger vaccines such as those for COVID-19 developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.
While other dictionary companies choose words of the year by committee, Merriam-Webster bases its selection on lookup data, paying close attention to spikes and, more recently, year-over-year increases in searches after weeding out evergreens. The company has been declaring a word of the year since 2008. Among its runners-up in the word biography of 2021:
INSURRECTION: Interest was driven by the deadly January 6 siege on the United States Capitol. Arrests continue, as do congressional hearings over the attack by supporters of President Donald Trump. Some of Trump鈥檚 allies have resisted subpoenas, including Steve Bannon.
Searches for the word increased by 61,000 percent over 2020, Sokolowksi said.
INFRASTRUCTURE: President Joe Biden was able to deliver what Trump often spoke of but never achieved: A bipartisan infrastructure bill signed into law. When Biden proposed help with broadband access, eldercare and preschool, conversation changed from not only roads and bridges but 鈥渇igurative infrastructure,鈥 Sokolowski said.
鈥淢any people asked, what is infrastructure if it鈥檚 not made out of steel or concrete? Infrastructure, in Latin, means underneath the structure,鈥 he said.
PERSEVERANCE: It鈥檚 the name of NASA鈥檚 latest Mars rover, which landed on February 18. 鈥淧erseverance is the most sophisticated rover NASA has ever sent to the Red Planet, with a name that embodies NASA鈥檚 passion and our nation鈥檚 capability to take on and overcome challenges,鈥 the space agency said.
The name was thought up by Alexander Mather, a 14-year-old seventh grader at Lake Braddock Secondary School in Burke, Virginia, who participated in an essay contest organized by NASA. He was one of 28,000 K-12 students to submit entries.
NOMAD: The word had its moment with the 2020 release of the film 鈥淣omadland.鈥 It went on to win three Oscars in April, including best picture, director (Chlo茅 Zhao) and actress (Frances McDormand). Zhao became the first woman of color to win best director. The AP鈥檚 film writer Jake Coyle called the indie success 鈥渁 plain-spoken meditation on solitude, grief and grit. He wrote that it 鈥渟truck a chord in a pandemic-ravaged year. It made for an unlikely Oscar champ: A film about people who gravitate to the margins took center stage.鈥
Other words in Merriam-Webster鈥檚 Top 10: Cicada (of which the US had an invasion this year), guardian (the Cleveland Indians became the Cleveland Guardians), meta (the lofty new name of Facebook鈥檚 parent company), cisgender (a gender identity that corresponds to one鈥檚 sex assigned at birth), woke (charged with politics and political correctness) and murraya (a tropical tree and the word that won the 2021 Scripps National Spelling Bee).
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