Trio share Nobel Prize in medicine for work on parasite-killing drugs
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THREE scientists from China, Japan and Ireland whose discoveries led to the development of potent new drugs against parasitic diseases including malaria and elephantiasis yesterday won the Nobel Prize for Medicine.
Irish-born William Campbell and Japan’s Satoshi Omura won half of the prize for discovering avermectin, a derivative of which has been used to treat hundreds of millions of people with river blindness and lymphatic filariasis, or elephantiasis.
China’s Tu Youyou was awarded the other half of the prize for discovering artemisinin, a drug that has slashed malaria deaths and has become the mainstay of fighting the mosquito-borne disease. She is China’s first Nobel laureate in medicine.
About 3.4 billion people, most of them living in poor countries, are at risk of contracting the three parasitic diseases.
“These two discoveries have provided humankind with powerful new means to combat these debilitating diseases that affect hundreds of millions of people annually,” the Nobel Assembly at Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.
“The consequences in terms of improved human health and reduced suffering are immeasurable.”
Today, the medicine ivermectin, a derivative of avermectin made by Merck & Co, is used worldwide to fight roundworm parasites, while artemisinin-based drugs from firms, including Sanofi and Novartis, are the main weapons against malaria.
Omura and Campbell made their breakthrough in fighting parasitic worms, or helminths, after studying compounds from soil bacteria. That led to the discovery of avermectin, which was then further modified into ivermectin.
The treatment is so successful that river blindness and lymphatic filariasis are now on the verge of being eradicated.
The real credit should go to the ingenuity of the Streptomyces bacteria, whose naturally occurring chemicals were so effective at killing off parasites, Omura said.
“I really wonder if I deserve this,” he said after learning he had won the prize.
“I have done all my work depending on microbes and learning from them, so I think the microbes might almost deserve it more than I do.”
Omura is professor emeritus at Kitasato University in Japan, while Campbell is research fellow emeritus at Drew University in Madison, New Jersey, United States.
Tu, meanwhile, turned to a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in her hunt for a better malaria treatment, following the declining success of the older drugs chloroquine and quinine.
She found that an extract from the plant Artemisia annua was sometimes effective, but the results were inconsistent, so she went back to ancient literature, including a recipe from AD 350, in her search for clues.
This eventually led to the isolation of artemisinin, a new class of anti-malaria drug, which was available in China before it reached the West. Tu has worked at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine since 1965.
Ivermectin and artemisinin-based combination therapies are both endorsed as vital medicines by the World Health Organization.
“We now have drugs that kill these parasites very early in their life cycle,” said Juleen Zierath, chair of the Nobel Committee.
“They not only kill these parasites but stop these infections from spreading,” she said.
Despite rapid progress in controlling malaria in the past decade, the disease still kills about half a million people a year, the vast majority of them babies and young children in the poorest parts of Africa.
The 8 million Swedish crowns (US$963,000) medicine prize is the first of the Nobel prizes awarded each year.
Last year, the medicine prize went to three scientists who discovered the brain’s inner navigation system.
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