Seafood designed to soothe stressed oceans
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With a third of the world鈥檚 oceans over-fished and global consumption at an all-time high, the time seems ripe for forward-thinking ventures like US-based Good Catch, which aims to provide 鈥渟eafood without sacrifice.鈥
The company鈥檚 first products were launched in February and recreate the texture and flavor of tuna, the world鈥檚 most popular fin fish, by blending six legumes with algae oil.
Such plant-based offerings could spell big changes, both for consumers in rich countries and in parts of the developing world where many people struggle to get enough nutritious food.
Besides pressures from growing populations and degrading ecosystems, climate change is expected to hit fisheries hard, said Vera Agostini, deputy director of fisheries and aquaculture at the United Nations鈥 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
鈥淥verall (climate) projections for fisheries show decreased catch potential in the tropical regions and increases in northern latitudes,鈥 she said. 鈥淪adly the areas that rely the most on fish, which is developing countries, are projected to see decreases.鈥
Also, there will be shifts in the distribution of fish, including their appearance in places where they have not been seen before. Consumption of fish is at record levels, according to the FAO, at 20.2 kilograms per person compared to 9kg in 1961. But the world鈥檚 craving for fish also offers opportunities, said Good Catch CEO Chris Kerr.
鈥淲e eat between 200 to 300 different types of sea creatures, compared to about 30 types of land animals,鈥 he said. 鈥淚n this, we have an enormous ability to be creative 鈥 both technologically and in employing the best culinary arts.鈥
Good Catch, founded by chef brothers Chad and Derek Sarno, is planning to expand to Britain early next year and launch new frozen appetizers including plant-based crab, fish burgers and white fish.
Lab-grown seafood
Other startups like California-based BlueNalu are growing mercury-free seafood cells in labs to ensure a stable supply chain in the face of over-fishing, illegal fishing and the effects of warming oceans. BlueNalu鈥檚 president and CEO Lou Cooperhouse said it had developed a natural process to grow the muscle cells that are a major component of fish without genetic modification.
鈥淲e鈥檙e focused on fin fish as a first broad category, and it鈥檚 our next objective to go to crustaceans like lobster and crab and molluscs,鈥 he said.
The company expects to test its products on the market within two to three years and start large-scale production in five years. Until cell-based seafood reaches supermarkets, retailers and consumers will have to rely on farmed fish, which already accounts for half of global consumption, the FAO says.
Levels of omega-3 fatty acids, essential for human health, have fallen in farmed fish since over-fishing concerns spawned a switch from feed rich in oily fish to soy and other alternatives.
In response, Johnathan Napier and his team at Britain鈥檚 Rothamsted Research, an agricultural science center, have genetically modified plants whose seeds produce the two key acids that make up omega-3.
鈥淚f we can use a land-based source of fish oils as a way of augmenting to the stuff from the oceans, then we can relieve pressure on the oceans,鈥 he said.
After 20 years of research and five years of field trials, Napier plans to apply for regulatory approval in North America. In Europe, GMO crops remain controversial, with very few varieties authorized for growing and some countries like France banning their cultivation, citing environmental risks.
The FAO says innovation is crucial to maintaining fish stocks and can also help struggling fishing communities increase their incomes.
An FAO symposium in Rome that coincides with World Fisheries Day recently showcased how fish parts that would otherwise be discarded could be transformed into high fashion.
Brazilian-Italian designer Barbara della Rovere has worked since 2016 with fishermen鈥檚 wives in Kenya and southern Brazil to transform fish skin into luxurious leather bags and cuffs.
鈥淭hey treat the skins, and all the remains 鈥 bones, flesh and scales 鈥 become fertiliser for the local farmers,鈥 she said. 鈥淪o the entire by products that would be thrown away are used. It鈥檚 100 percent sustainable.鈥
Fish skin is tougher than cow leather because the fibres run in multiple directions, creating a more solid and durable product. Some of the women involved in the project were previously illiterate but can now read and have their own source of income, she said.
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